TypeScript Reference : Namespaces and Modules

Welcome to the official TypeScript reference on namespaces and modules! In this comprehensive guide, you will learn everything you need to know about namespaces and modules in TypeScript. Whether you are a beginner or an advanced developer, this reference will help you understand how to organize your code and create modular applications using TypeScript.

Namespaces and modules are powerful features of TypeScript that allow you to organize your code into logical units and prevent naming conflicts. Namespaces provide a way to group related classes, interfaces, functions, and variables under a specific name, while modules allow you to divide your code into independent files and control their visibility and accessibility.

In this reference, we will explore the syntax and usage of namespaces, including how to create and import them, as well as their use cases and best practices. We will also cover modules in great detail, including how to define and export them, different module formats, and how to import them into your project.

Whether you are working on a small project or a large-scale application, understanding namespaces and modules in TypeScript is crucial for writing clean and maintainable code. So, let’s dive into the world of TypeScript namespaces and modules and take your coding skills to the next level!

TypeScript Namespaces Explained: A Comprehensive Guide

What are Namespaces in TypeScript?

Namespaces in TypeScript provide a way to organize code into logical units. They allow you to group related classes, functions, and variables together. Namespaces help in avoiding naming conflicts and provide a structured and organized approach to building larger-scale applications.

Defining a Namespace

Namespaces are defined using the `namespace` keyword. The syntax for defining a namespace is as follows:

namespace MyNamespace {

// code goes here
}

Within the namespace block, you can add classes, interfaces, functions, and variables using the regular TypeScript syntax. These entities will be considered part of the namespace and can be accessed using dot notation.

Using Namespaces

To use a namespace, you need to reference it in your code using the `namespace` keyword followed by the name of the namespace, similar to how you reference a module. Once a namespace is referenced, you can access its entities using the dot notation:

// referencing the namespace

/// <reference path="namespace.ts" />
// accessing an entity within the namespace
MyNamespace.myFunction();

Exporting and Importing

Namespaces can also be exported and imported similar to modules. To export a namespace, use the `export` keyword before the `namespace` keyword:

export namespace MyNamespace {

// code goes here
}

To import a namespace, use the `import` keyword followed by the name of the namespace:

import MyNamespace from 'path/to/namespace';

Benefits of Using Namespaces

• Organization: Namespaces provide a way to organize code into logical units, making it easier to navigate and understand.
• Encapsulation: Namespaces encapsulate their entities, reducing the chance of naming conflicts with entities from other namespaces.
• Reusability: Namespaces can be reused across different parts of an application, allowing for modular and reusable code.
• Scoping: Namespaces create their own scope, which helps in preventing leaking of variables and functions to the global scope.

Conclusion

Namespaces in TypeScript provide a way to organize and structure code into logical units. They help in avoiding naming conflicts, provide encapsulation, and enable the reuse of code. By using namespaces effectively, you can create a clean and maintainable codebase for your TypeScript projects.

Understanding Namespaces in TypeScript

What are Namespaces?

In TypeScript, namespaces are used to encapsulate the code and prevent naming conflicts. They provide a way to organize and group related code together. Namespaces are similar to modules but are mainly used in TypeScript for organizing the codebase.

Declaring Namespaces

To declare a namespace, use the `namespace` keyword followed by the namespace name:

namespace MyNamespace {

// code goes here
}

Exporting from Namespaces

Members (variables, functions, classes, etc.) inside a namespace can be exported using the `export` keyword:

// Exporting a function from a namespace

namespace MyNamespace {
export function myFunction() {
// code goes here
}
}
// Using the exported function
MyNamespace.myFunction();

Importing Namespaces

To use a namespace in another file, you need to import it using the `/// ` syntax:

// File: main.ts

/// 
MyNamespace.myFunction();

Using Multiple Namespaces

You can use multiple namespaces in your TypeScript application by simply declaring and using them in different files. However, make sure to import the required namespaces if they are used in separate files:

// File: main.ts

/// 
/// 
MyNamespace1.myFunction();
MyNamespace2.myFunction();

Namespace vs Module

Namespaces and modules are similar in TypeScript, but they have some differences:

• Namespaces are mainly used for organizing the codebase and preventing naming conflicts, while modules are used for code encapsulation and reuse.
• Namespaces can be merged, allowing you to split your codebase into separate namespace declarations and merge them together.
• Modules follow the ES6 module syntax and can be bundled using module loaders like Webpack or SystemJS.

Conclusion

Namespaces in TypeScript provide a way to logically organize related code and prevent naming conflicts. They are useful for structuring large codebases and promoting code reusability. By understanding namespaces, you can write cleaner, more modular TypeScript code.

Benefits of Using Namespaces

1. Encapsulation and Organization

One of the main benefits of using namespaces in TypeScript is that they provide a way to encapsulate and organize code. Namespaces allow you to group related code together, making it easier to find and understand. This can be especially useful in large projects where there may be many different modules and classes.

2. Avoiding Naming Collisions

By using namespaces, you can avoid naming collisions between different parts of your code. Since namespaces provide a way to create a unique scope, you can have multiple modules or classes with the same name without any conflicts. This can be particularly useful when working on a team or integrating third-party libraries.

3. Code Reusability

Namespaces also promote code reusability by allowing you to easily import and use code from different namespaces in your own modules or classes. This can save you time and effort by avoiding the need to rewrite or duplicate code. Additionally, namespaces provide a clear and explicit way to specify dependencies between different parts of your code.

4. Better Code Navigation

Using namespaces can improve code navigation within your IDE or editor. Namespaces provide a hierarchical structure that can be easily understood and navigated, making it easier to locate specific modules or classes. This can save you time and effort when trying to find and work with different parts of your codebase.

5. Separation of Concerns

Namespaces can help to separate concerns by allowing you to organize your code into logical units. By grouping related code together within a namespace, you can create a clear separation between different functional areas of your application. This can make your codebase more maintainable and easier to reason about.

6. Better Code Reusability

Namespaces can improve code reusability by providing a way to create reusable libraries that can be easily imported and used in different projects. By encapsulating related code within a namespace, you can create a self-contained unit that can be easily shared and reused. This can save you time and effort by allowing you to leverage existing code in new projects.

7. Easier Testing

Using namespaces can make testing code easier. By encapsulating related code within a namespace, you can isolate and test different parts of your codebase independently. This can make it easier to write unit tests and ensure the correctness of your code.

8. Code Modularization

Namespaces can also help with code modularization. By breaking your code into separate namespaces, you can create smaller, more manageable units of code. This can make your codebase easier to understand, maintain, and extend. Additionally, namespaces provide a clear and explicit way to specify dependencies between different modules or classes.

9. Improved Code Organization

Using namespaces can improve the overall organization and structure of your code. By grouping related code together within a namespace, you can create a clear and logical structure that is easy to understand and navigate. This can make it easier for developers to work with your codebase, leading to increased productivity and reduced development time.

Benefits of Using Namespaces
Encapsulation and Organization
Avoiding Naming Collisions
Code Reusability
Better Code Navigation
Separation of Concerns
Better Code Reusability
Easier Testing
Code Modularization
Improved Code Organization

Declaring Namespaces in TypeScript

Namespaces are a way to organize and encapsulate code in TypeScript. They provide a way to group related objects, functions, and variables together.

Syntax:

To declare a namespace in TypeScript, you use the namespace keyword followed by the namespace name and a pair of braces {}. Inside the braces, you define the members of the namespace.

namespace MyNamespace {

// members of the namespace
}

Usage:

Namespaces can be used to organize code into logical and manageable units, preventing naming collisions with other code. They can be declared at any point in a TypeScript file and can be nested inside other namespaces.

Here’s an example of declaring a namespace and using it:

// Namespace declaration

namespace Shapes {
// Class declaration
export class Circle {
constructor(private radius: number) {}
// Method declaration
public getArea(): number {
return Math.PI * this.radius ** 2;
}
}
// Function declaration
export function calculateCircumference(radius: number): number {
return 2 * Math.PI * radius;
}
}
// Using the namespace
const circle = new Shapes.Circle(5);
console.log(circle.getArea());
console.log(Shapes.calculateCircumference(5));

Importing Namespaces:

In TypeScript, you can import namespaces using the import keyword. The import statement allows you to access the members of a namespace without having to use the fully qualified name.

import circleNamespace = Shapes;

const circle = new circleNamespace.Circle(5);
console.log(circle.getArea());
console.log(circleNamespace.calculateCircumference(5));

Conclusion:

Declaring namespaces in TypeScript allows you to organize and modularize your code, preventing naming conflicts and improving code readability. They provide a way to logically group related code and can be imported and used throughout your project.

Importing Namespaces in TypeScript

In TypeScript, namespaces serve as a way to organize code into logical units and prevent naming conflicts. They provide a way to group related code together and keep it separate from other code.

To use a namespace in your TypeScript file, you need to import it using the import keyword. This allows you to access the code and types defined within the namespace.

Importing a Namespace

To import a namespace, you can use the following syntax:

import * as namespaceName from 'path/to/namespaceName';

The import keyword is used to import the namespace, followed by * to import all of its members. The as keyword is used to specify an alias for the imported namespace, which can be used to access its members.

Using the Imported Namespace

Once you have imported a namespace, you can access its members using dot notation:

namespaceName.memberName;

For example, if you have a namespace called Utilities with a member called stringUtils, you can access it like this:

import * as Utilities from 'path/to/Utilities';

const myString = Utilities.stringUtils.reverse('Hello, World!');

In the above example, we import the Utilities namespace and use the .stringUtils notation to access its reverse function.

Importing Specific Members

If you only want to import specific members from a namespace, you can use the following syntax:

import { memberName } from 'path/to/namespaceName';

This will import only the specified member from the namespace. You can import multiple members by separating them with commas:

import { member1, member2 } from 'path/to/namespaceName';

Using this syntax, you can import only the members you need from a namespace, reducing the amount of code you have to write and improving performance.

Conclusion

Importing namespaces in TypeScript allows you to use the code and types defined within the namespace by importing them into your file. Whether you import the entire namespace or specific members, importing namespaces helps organize your code and avoid naming conflicts.

Organizing Code with Namespaces: Best Practices

Introduction

Namespaces in TypeScript provide a way to organize code into logical units, making it easier to understand, maintain, and navigate through complex projects. Here are some best practices for organizing code with namespaces in TypeScript.

Use a Hierarchical Structure

When creating namespaces, it’s important to use a hierarchical structure that represents the logical organization of your code. This helps to avoid naming conflicts and makes it easier to locate and understand different parts of your code.

Group Related Functionality

Group related functionality within a namespace to maintain a clean and organized codebase. For example, if you have a project that deals with both user authentication and user management, you could create a namespace called “User” and define sub-namespaces like “User.Authentication” and “User.Management” to separate the different aspects of user-related functionality.

Avoid Deeply Nested Namespaces

While using a hierarchical structure is encouraged, it’s important to avoid creating deeply nested namespaces. Deep nesting can make your code harder to read and maintain. Aim for a balanced, logical hierarchy that reflects the complexity of your project without going overboard.

Use Unique Names

Choose unique and descriptive names for your namespaces to avoid conflicts with other parts of your code or external libraries. Consider using a prefix or a descriptive word that clearly identifies the purpose or domain of the code within the namespace.

Splitting Namespace Across Files

In larger projects, it’s often helpful to split a namespace across multiple files to separate different modules or sections of code. To achieve this, you can use TypeScript’s `reference` tag to reference other files that contribute to the same namespace. This allows you to organize your code base into smaller, more manageable files while still maintaining a coherent namespace structure.

Document Your Namespaces

Make sure to document your namespaces and provide clear explanations of their purpose and usage. This is especially important when working in a team or when creating reusable code that might be used by others. Using TypeScript’s documentation comments (e.g., JSDoc tags) will make your code more understandable and maintainable.

Conclusion

Using namespaces in TypeScript can greatly improve code organization and maintainability. By following these best practices, you can create a well-structured and easily navigable codebase, making it easier for yourself and others to work with your code.

Namespace vs. Module in TypeScript: What’s the Difference?

When working with TypeScript, you may come across the terms “namespace” and “module” and wonder what the difference is between them. While they both serve a similar purpose of organizing code, there are subtle differences between the two.

Namespaces

Namespaces in TypeScript provide a way to group related code together and prevent naming conflicts. They can be thought of as containers that encapsulate a set of functions, classes, interfaces, and other objects. Namespaces can be nested within other namespaces and help in organizing code into logical units.

Using namespaces in TypeScript helps in organizing code into smaller modules, making it more manageable and maintainable. Namespaces are especially useful when working with large codebases or when integrating external libraries.

To define a namespace in TypeScript, you can use the namespace keyword followed by the namespace name. Within a namespace, you can define functions, classes, interfaces, and other objects using regular TypeScript syntax.

Modules

Modules in TypeScript are a way to encapsulate code, similar to namespaces. However, modules have a more explicit dependency management system and are designed to be reusable and shareable across different files and projects.

Modules allow for better code organization, ensuring that each file handles a specific set of functionality. They also offer a higher level of encapsulation, hiding implementation details and exposing only the necessary functionality through exports.

To define a module in TypeScript, you can use the export keyword to indicate that a particular function, class, or object is accessible outside the module. Other files can then use the import keyword to reference the exported elements and access their functionality.

The Differences

The main difference between namespaces and modules in TypeScript lies in their usage and intended purpose. Namespaces focus on organizing code and preventing naming conflicts within a project, while modules aim to provide code isolation, reusability, and better dependency management.

While namespaces can be used in any TypeScript project, modules are recommended when creating reusable code that can be shared across multiple projects or files. Modules also follow the more modern CommonJS or AMD module formats, allowing for easier code bundling and deployment.

Comparison of Namespaces and Modules

Namespaces	Modules
Used for organizing code within a project	Used for creating reusable and shareable code
Prevent naming conflicts	Provide better dependency management
Can be nested	Can be imported and exported
Encapsulate a set of related objects	Encourage code isolation and encapsulation

In conclusion, namespaces and modules in TypeScript have overlapping functionalities, but their usage and intended purpose differ. Understanding the differences between these two concepts will help you make informed decisions when organizing and structuring your TypeScript code.

Advantages of Using Modules in TypeScript

1. Encapsulation

Modules in TypeScript provide a way to encapsulate and organize code by grouping related functionality together. By using modules, you can define separate files for different parts of your codebase, making it easier to manage and maintain.

2. Maintainability

With modules, you can break down your code into smaller, more manageable pieces. This makes it easier to understand, debug, and maintain your application. Modules allow you to isolate and test individual parts of your codebase independently, improving code maintainability and reducing the risk of introducing unintended consequences when making changes.

3. Reusability

Modules make it easy to reuse code by exporting and importing functionality between different parts of your application. You can create reusable modules that can be shared and used across multiple projects, saving you time and effort in developing and maintaining code.

4. Dependency Management

Modules in TypeScript provide a way to manage dependencies between different parts of your code. By specifying dependencies through import statements, you can ensure that the necessary modules are loaded and available before they are used. This helps in managing complex projects with multiple dependencies and reduces the risk of runtime errors due to missing dependencies.

5. Scalability

As your application grows, modules can help you maintain scalability by allowing you to separate code into logical units. This makes it easier to add new features or modify existing ones without impacting other parts of your codebase. Modules also enable you to easily share and reuse code across large teams, improving development productivity and code maintainability.

6. Privacy

Modules in TypeScript provide a way to control the visibility and accessibility of code by using the concepts of exports and imports. You can choose which parts of your module are accessible to other parts of your application, reducing the risk of unintended use or modification of your code.

Summary of Advantages

Advantage	Description
Encapsulation	Modules help in encapsulating and organizing code.
Maintainability	Modules make it easier to understand, debug, and maintain code.
Reusability	Modules allow for reusing code across projects.
Dependency Management	Modules help in managing dependencies between code.
Scalability	Modules enable easy addition and modification of code.
Privacy	Modules provide control over code visibility and accessibility.

Exporting and Importing Modules in TypeScript

Introduction

In TypeScript, modules are used to organize and encapsulate code. They provide a way to split the code into separate files and provide better reusability and maintainability.

Exporting Modules

In TypeScript, you can export modules using the export keyword. This allows you to expose functions, classes, variables, or interfaces to be used by other modules.

export function add(a: number, b: number): number {

return a + b;
}
export class Circle {
constructor(public radius: number) {}
getArea(): number {
return Math.PI * this.radius * this.radius;
}
}

In the example above, the add function and the Circle class are exported using the export keyword. This makes them accessible to other modules.

Importing Modules

To use the exported members from a module, you need to import them in another module using the import keyword.

import { add, Circle } from './utils';

const result = add(2, 3);
console.log(result);
const circle = new Circle(5);
console.log(circle.getArea());

In the example above, the add function and the Circle class are imported from the utils module. This allows us to use them in the current module.

Importing with Aliases

You can also use aliases while importing modules to make the code more readable.

import { add as sum, Circle as CircleShape } from './utils';

const result = sum(2, 3);
console.log(result);
const circle = new CircleShape(5);
console.log(circle.getArea());

In the example above, we have used the aliases sum for add function and CircleShape for Circle class while importing from the utils module.

Exporting and Importing Default Modules

You can export a default module in TypeScript by using the export default syntax. Only one default export is allowed per module.

// utils.ts

export default function add(a: number, b: number): number {
return a + b;
}
// main.ts
import add from './utils';
const result = add(2, 3);
console.log(result);

In the example above, the add function is exported as the default export from the utils module. When importing the default export, you can use any name.

Conclusion

Exporting and importing modules in TypeScript allow you to modularize your code and enhance its maintainability and reusability. You can export functions, classes, variables, or interfaces from one module and import them into another module to leverage their capabilities.

Declaring External Modules in TypeScript

In TypeScript, external modules provide a way to organize and reuse code by encapsulating related functionality in a separate file. They can be used to define classes, functions, variables, and interfaces that can be imported and used in other files.

Importing External Modules

To use functionality from an external module in TypeScript, you need to import it using the import keyword. The syntax for importing is as follows:

import * as moduleName from 'path/to/module';

The import keyword is followed by an alias for the module, followed by the from keyword, and then the path to the module file.

For example, to import a module named util located in the same directory as the current file, you would use the following import statement:

import * as util from './util';

Exporting from External Modules

To make functionality available from an external module, you need to export it using the export keyword. The syntax for exporting is as follows:

export [default] [declaration];

The export keyword is used to mark an element for export, followed by an optional default keyword to specify a default export, and then the declaration to be exported.

For example, to export a class named Person as the default export, you would use the following export statement:

export default class Person { ... }

To export a function named add from an external module, you would use the following export statement:

export function add(a: number, b: number): number { ... }

Using External Modules

Once an external module is imported, you can use its exported functionality by referencing the imported module and accessing the exported elements using dot notation.

For example, if you have a module named util that exports a function named calculate, you can use it as follows:

import * as util from './util';

const result = util.calculate(2, 3);

In the example above, the util module is imported and assigned the alias util. The calculate function from the util module is then called with arguments 2 and 3, and the result is stored in the result variable.

Conclusion

Declaring external modules in TypeScript allows you to organize and reuse code by encapsulating related functionality in separate files. By importing and exporting functionality from these external modules, you can easily access and use their features in your code.

Using Ambient Declarations in TypeScript Modules

In TypeScript, ambient declarations are used to provide type information for existing JavaScript code that is not written in TypeScript. They are particularly useful when working with external libraries or modules that do not have TypeScript support built-in.

What are Ambient Declarations?

Ambient declarations in TypeScript are used to declare the shape of variables, functions, classes, or modules that are defined outside of the TypeScript codebase. They allow developers to provide type information for external code, enabling seamless integration with TypeScript.

Ambient declarations can be defined in declaration files with the .d.ts extension, or in TypeScript modules using the declare keyword.

Using Ambient Declarations in Modules

To use ambient declarations in TypeScript modules, you can create a separate declaration file with the .d.ts extension, or you can directly use the declare keyword in your module file.

Here is an example of using ambient declarations in a TypeScript module:

// myModule.ts

declare module 'myModule' {
export function myFunction(): void;
export const myVariable: number;
}
// main.ts
import { myFunction, myVariable } from 'myModule';
myFunction(); // Call the declared function
console.log(myVariable); // Access the declared variable

In the example above, we use the declare module syntax to define a module named ‘myModule’. Inside this module, we declare a function called myFunction and a variable called myVariable with their respective types. Then, in the main.ts file, we import and use the declared function and variable as if they were part of our TypeScript code.

Benefits of Using Ambient Declarations in Modules

Using ambient declarations in TypeScript modules provides several benefits:

• Enables seamless integration with existing JavaScript codebases that do not have TypeScript support.
• Provides type information for external libraries or modules, improving code maintainability and preventing runtime errors.
• Allows developers to create TypeScript typings for popular JavaScript libraries, enhancing the development experience.

Whether you are working with legacy JavaScript code or integrating with external libraries, ambient declarations in TypeScript modules are a powerful tool for providing type information and improving the overall quality of your code.

Navigating TypeScript Module Resolution: From Relative to Absolute

When working with TypeScript modules, resolving module dependencies is an essential aspect of building complex applications. TypeScript employs a module resolution strategy to determine the location of imported modules, which can be either relative or absolute.

Relative Module Resolution

Relative module resolution allows you to specify the location of a module relative to the current file. This is done using a relative path, denoted by dots (.) and forward slashes (/).

For example, if you have the following file structure:

- src
- main.ts
- modules
- utils.ts

In the main.ts file, you can import utils.ts using relative module resolution:

import { someFunction } from "../modules/utils";

In this case, the .. represents going up one level in the file tree, while /modules/utils specifies the path to the utils.ts file.

Absolute Module Resolution

Absolute module resolution, on the other hand, allows you to reference modules using absolute paths. These paths are not relative to the current file or project structure; instead, they are specific file paths or package names.

In order to use absolute module resolution, you need to set up module resolution paths in your TypeScript configuration file (tsconfig.json). These paths map certain module names to their corresponding file paths or package names.

For example, if you have a library called “my-library” installed in your project, you can set up an absolute path for it in your tsconfig.json:

{
"compilerOptions": {
"baseUrl": ".",
"paths": {
"my-library/*": ["./node_modules/my-library/*"],
}
}
}

With this configuration, you can import modules from the “my-library” package using absolute module resolution:

import { someFunction } from "my-library/module";

The TypeScript compiler will look for the module under the specified path and resolve it accordingly.

Choosing the Right Resolution Strategy

When working with TypeScript modules, it is important to choose the appropriate module resolution strategy for your project.

Relative module resolution is useful when working within the project and importing local modules or files. It provides flexibility and ensures that your imports are relative to your current file’s location.

Absolute module resolution is beneficial when working with third-party libraries or large packages. It allows for cleaner imports and makes it easier to manage dependencies within your project.

By understanding both relative and absolute module resolution in TypeScript, you can navigate your module dependencies effectively and build maintainable and scalable applications.

TypeScript Namespaces and Modules in Real-World Applications

Introduction

TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript that adds support for static typing and other advanced features to improve the development experience. One of the key features of TypeScript is its support for namespaces and modules, which help organize and encapsulate code in large-scale applications. In this article, we will explore how namespaces and modules are used in real-world applications and the benefits they bring to the development process.

Namespaces

Namespaces provide a way to group related code into a single container. This helps prevent naming collisions and organizes code into logical units. In real-world applications, namespaces are commonly used to categorize code according to different modules or components of the application.

For example, in a web application, you might have a namespace for all the code related to user authentication and another namespace for all the code related to data manipulation. This separation allows for better code organization and easier maintenance.

Modules

Modules in TypeScript are the modern way of organizing and sharing code. They provide a mechanism to encapsulate code within a module and expose only the necessary parts to the outside world. This helps in achieving better code isolation and reusability.

In real-world applications, modules are often used to separate code into reusable and self-contained units. Each module can have its own internal implementation and dependencies, making it easier to reason about and test the code. Modules also provide a clear boundary between different parts of the application, which can improve collaboration among developers.

Benefits of Namespaces and Modules

Using namespaces and modules in real-world applications can bring several benefits:

• Organization: Namespaces and modules help in structuring code logically, making it easier to navigate and understand. This improves the maintainability of the codebase.
• Encapsulation: Namespaces and modules provide a way to encapsulate code and hide implementation details. This improves the modularity of the codebase and reduces the chances of introducing bugs.
• Code Reusability: Modules can be reused across different parts of the application, reducing duplication and improving code maintainability.
• Dependency Management: Modules help in managing dependencies by providing a clear boundary between different parts of the application. This makes it easier to understand and reason about the code.
• Collaboration: Namespaces and modules provide a clear separation of concerns, making it easier for multiple developers to work on different parts of the application simultaneously.

Conclusion

Namespaces and modules are powerful features of TypeScript that help in organizing and structuring code in real-world applications. They provide benefits such as improved code organization, encapsulation, code reusability, dependency management, and collaboration among developers. By leveraging namespaces and modules, developers can write cleaner, more maintainable code and build robust applications.

FAQ:

What is the difference between namespaces and modules in TypeScript?

Namespaces are used to logically group related code, while modules provide a way to organize code and encapsulate it to prevent its global scope pollution.

How can I declare a namespace in TypeScript?

To declare a namespace, you can use the `namespace` keyword followed by the namespace’s name. For example: `namespace MyNamespace { /* code goes here */ }`.

What is an ambient namespace in TypeScript?

An ambient namespace is a way to declare a namespace that already exists in a separate file or library, allowing you to access its members without needing to import or reference the external file explicitly.

Can I use both namespaces and modules in the same TypeScript project?

Yes, you can use namespaces and modules together in a TypeScript project. Namespaces can be used to organize related code within a module, providing an additional level of organization and encapsulation.

How can I export and import modules in TypeScript?

To export a module, you can use the `export` keyword before the declaration of a variable, function, or class. To import a module, you can use the `import` keyword followed by the module’s path or name. For example: `import { SomeModule } from ‘./some-module’;`.